1. neg intro
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Never do I sleep.
Only at night can I study.
In no way could I help you with your Japanese
grammar question.
I believe that only rarely will I need your help.
Not until I got home did I realize that my shoes were untied.
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Question form is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
This one is very common on the
TOEFL and somewhat common on the GMAT and GRE.
We need to learn the various types
of words and phrases that require this type of inversion.
Notice that sometimes the
inversion occurs right after the neg intro form and sometimes it occurs in
the next subject and verb.
See Neg Intro for more info.
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2. intro adverbial
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Into the room ran the lady.
First comes love, then comes
marriage.
After A comes B, then comes C, next comes D.
Down came the rain and
washed the spider out.
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Inversion is optional.
Used with be-verbs, linking verbs,
and verbs of direction.
This one is less common on the
TOEFL, but more common on the GMAT and GRE.
Notice that sometimes we have an
adverb, like first and down and sometimes we have an adverb phrase like into
the room or after A. These adverbs and adverb phrases usually show location
or direction.
This type of inversion usually
only occurs with be-verbs, linking verbs and verbs that show direction or
movement, like come, go, run, etc.
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3. intro –ed
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Found in San Francisco is Lombard Street, the so-called crookedest
street in the world.
Lost among the old tables and chairs was the priceless Victorian desk.
Located between San Francisco and
Marin County is the Golden Gate Bridge.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with be-verbs.
This one is very common on the
TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE.
This type of inversion usually
occurs with be-verbs, but sometimes with linking verbs.
Notice that the phrase is the
complement of the be-verb.
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4. comparatives
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Cheetahs run faster than doantelopes.
You speak Chinese better than do I.
Jessica is more interested in
Computer Science than is Benjamin.
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Inversion is optional.
Used with all verbs.
This form of inversion is common
on the TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE.
We normally only have inversion
here if we are comparing subjects of the verb, not objects. For example, in
the following two sentences, we are comparing objects, carrots and potatoes,
not the subject I.:
J I like carrots more than I do
potatoes. J
L I like carrots more than do I
like potatoes. L
Now, in this sentence, we are
comparing subjects, I and my friend Carl:
J I like carrots more than does my
friend Carl. J
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5. intro comparative
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Bigger than an apatosaur is the blue whale.
More important than your personal statement is your GPA.
No less impressive than the invention of the
laser was the development of the wheel.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with be-verbs.
This form is more common on the
GMAT and GRE than it is on the TOEFL.
Notice that we can only use this
form of inversion when the verb is a be-verb since in every case, the
comparative is the complement of the be-verb.
Remember that less than is also a
comparative.
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6. as
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Megumi is from Japan, as is Sato.
So-eun wants to leave early today,
as does Oi.
If thrown into the water, camels
can swim, as can cats.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
We can only use inversion if we
are using as for comparisons.
as is one of the trickiest words
in English; it can have many different meanings.
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7. so… that…
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So happy was I that I bought flowers for everybody
in class.
So quickly did she leave that we did not even realize was
gone.
So rarely does a comet appearvisible
to the naked eye that when one does, it is considered a major event.
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Question form is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
This is not so common on the
TOEFL, but is fairly common on the GMAT and GRE.
The so… that… clause must before
the verb in for this type of inversion.
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8. had, should, were for if-clauses
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Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn’t be mad at me now.
Note that the word if does NOT
appear in the clause when inversion is used:
Had I remembered = If I had
remembered
Should you need a hand,
I will be more than happy to help you.
Should you need a hand = If you
should need a hand
Were I you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow.
Were I you = If I were you
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
This is somewhat common on the
TOEFL and more common on the GMAT and GRE.
This type of inversion is kind of
special. Notice that we can only use this type of inversion when we are using
an if-clause. In other words, if is omitted: even though the word if does not
appear in the clause, we still have the meaning of an if-clause.
For more information, see had,
should, were.
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9. there is, there are, there
exists, there comes, etc.
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There is a
good restaurant nearby.
There comes a time in
every person’s life when she realizes that she is responsible for her own
happiness, not other people.
Scientists hypothesize that there exists a certain type of particle that can travel faster
than the speed of light.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Usually used only with these
verbs.
This form of inversion is common
on the TOEFL, GMAT, and GRE, as well as in spoken and written English.
Most people remember there is and
there are. BUT we must also remember that there are other verbs that we can
use instead of is and are. The most common ones are exist, come, and go.
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10. here is, here are, here comes,
here come
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Here is some
good food for you to try.
Here are the books that I don’t need anymore.
Here comes the bus!
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Inversion is obligatory.
Usually used only with these
verbs.
You will probably not see this on
the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE. It could, however, appear
on the Listening Comprehension Section of the TOEFL. We use this form mostly
in spoken English.
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11. intro -ing
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Burning out of control was the forestlocated in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada mountains.
Coming in last in the race was Joe "Elephant
Legs" Blow.
Not helping the situation was little Susie, who was throwing newspaper on the
spreading fire.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used only with be-verbs.
This form is not common on the
TOEFL, but might show up on the GMAT or GRE.
Notice the intro –ing phrase is
the complement of the be-verb.
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12. emphasis
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Boy am I hungry.
Is it ever hot in here!
Do you know how
to cook!
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Inversion is optional.
Used with all verbs.
You will probably not see this on
the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE. It could, however,
appear on the Listening Comprehension Section of the TOEFL. We use this form
mostly in spoken English.
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13. the bigger, the better
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The closer an object is to another
object, the greater is the gravity between the two objects.
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Question form is optional.
Used with all verbs.
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14. questions
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Is this the
last example?
Do you enjoy reading these lists?
Are we finished yet?
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
You will probably not see this on
the grammar section of the TOEFL (TOEFL doesn't test questions anymore) or on
the GMAT or GRE. It would, however, appear on the Listening Comprehension
Section of the TOEFL.
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15. "story speech"
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“I think it’s
time to go,” said Susan.
“It’s time for
you, but not for me,”replied Gary.
“Maybe we should
collect our thoughts for a moment,” commentedLany.
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Inversion is optional.
Used with verbs that report
speech.
You will probably not see this on
the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE.
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16. nor
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No one has volunteered for the
job, nor do we expect anyone to volunteer in the future.
Hok-ming cannot speak Portuguese,
nor can José speak Cantonese.
The zoo regulations will not
permit you to touch the animals, nor would most people advise you to do so.
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
You might see this on the adaptive
TOEFL if you are scoring high and it could appear on the GMAT or GRE.
Remember that nor is considered a
conjunction, but we use it between two sentences (not between any two
elements like the other conjunctions).
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17. "so do I"/
"neither do I."
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“So do I.”
“So can Terry.”
“Neither do most people I know.”
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Inversion is obligatory.
Used with all verbs.
You will probably not see this on
the grammar section of the TOEFL or on the GMAT or GRE.
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18. intro adjective
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Beautiful beyond belief was my
baby daughter.
Happy about their acceptance into their dream schools were Lany
and Tomo.
Quick and
painless will be your medical procedure.
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Inversion is obligatory in most
cases.
Used with be-verbs.
This one is fairly rare and
probably would not appear on the TOEFL, but you might see it on the GMAT or
GRE.
Inversion is sometimes not used in
poetic language.
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